LaTeX provides a wide range of mathematical symbols beyond the plus-minus (±) symbol (\pm). Other frequently used mathematical symbols are included in this guide, along with their LaTeX instructions and uses.
\mp
The minus-plus (∓) symbol is the inverse of \pm, used when the signs are reversed in certain calculations.
Example:
x = 5 \mp 2
Rendered output:
[ x = 5 \mp 2 ]
\approx
used in mathematical formulas to show approximation.
Example:
\pi \approx 3.14
Rendered output:
[ \pi \approx 3.14 ]
\propto
Shows that two quantities are proportionate.
Example:
A \propto B
Rendered output:
[ A \propto B ]
\neq
Used to denote inequality.
Example:
x \neq y
Rendered output:
[ x \neq y ]
\leq \geq
Denotes inequalities.
Example:
x \leq y, \quad a \geq b
Rendered output:
[ x \leq y, \quad a \geq b ]
\infty
Symbolizes infinity in mathematical formulas.
Example:
x \to \infty
Rendered output:
[ x \to \infty ]
\in, \notin, \subseteq, \subset, \nsubseteq
Used in set notation.
Example:
x \in A, \quad y \notin B, \quad C \subseteq D
Rendered output:
[ x \in A, \quad y \notin B, \quad C \subseteq D ]
\sum, \prod
Represents the mathematical concepts of summation and product.
Example:
\sum_{n=1}^{10} n, \quad \prod_{k=1}^{n} k
Rendered output:
[ \sum_{n=1}^{10} n, \quad \prod_{k=1}^{n} k ]
\int, \iint, \iiint
Represents single, double, and triple integrals.
Example:
\int_{a}^{b} f(x)\,dx
Rendered output:
[ \int_{a}^{b} f(x),dx ]
\wedge, \vee, \neg, \Rightarrow, \Leftrightarrow
Used in logic and discrete mathematics.
Example:
A \wedge B, \quad A \vee B, \quad \neg A \Rightarrow B
Rendered output:
[ A \wedge B, \quad A \vee B, \quad \neg A \Rightarrow B ]